Intensive organic vegetable production increases soil organic carbon but with a lower carbon conversion efficiency than integrated management

Intensive vegetable production in greenhouses has rapidly expanded in China since the 1990s and increased to 1.3 million ha of farmland by 2016, which is the highest in the world. We conducted an 11‐year greenhouse vegetable production experiment from 2002 to 2013 to observe soil organic carbon (SOC) dynamics under three management systems, i.e., conventional (CON), integrated (ING), and intensive organic (ORG) farming. Soil samples (0–20 and 20–40 cm depth) were collected in 2002 and 2013 and separated into four particle‐size fractions, i.e., coarse sand (> 250 µm), fine sand (250–53 µm), silt (53–2 µm), and clay (< 2 µm). The SOC contents and δ¹³C values of the whole soil and the four particle‐size fractions were analyzed. After 11 years of vegetable farming, ORG and ING significantly increased SOC stocks (0–20 cm) by 4008 ± 36.6 and 2880 ± 365 kg C ha^?1 y^?1, respectively, 8.1‐ and 5.8‐times that of CON (494 ± 42.6 kg C ha^?1 y^?1). The SOC stock increase in ORG at 20–40 cm depth was 245 ± 66.4 kg C ha^?1 y^?1, significantly higher than in ING (66 ± 13.4 kg C ha^?1 y^?1) and CON (109 ± 44.8 kg C ha^?1 y^?1). Analyses of ¹³C revealed a significant increase in newly produced SOC in both soil layers in ORG. However, the carbon conversion efficiency (CE: increased organic carbon in soil divided by organic carbon input) was lower in ORG (14.4%–21.7%) than in ING (18.2%–27.4%). Among the four particle‐sizes in the 0–20 cm layer, the silt fraction exhibited the largest proportion of increase in SOC content (57.8% and 55.4% of the SOC increase in ORG and ING, respectively). A similar trend was detected in the 20–40 cm soil layer. Over all, intensive organic (ORG) vegetable production increases soil organic carbon but with a lower carbon conversion efficiency than integrated (ING) management.     

有机培肥与耕作方式对稻麦轮作土壤团聚体和有机碳组分的影响

为了明确不同外源有机物和耕作方式对土壤地力培育的影响,以水稻-小麦轮作系统为对象,通过2个年度(2016—2018年)大田试验研究了外源有机物(秸秆和有机肥)和耕作方式及其交互作用[稻麦秸秆还田配合旋耕(SR),稻麦秸秆还田配合翻耕(SP),秸秆不还田、增施有机肥配合旋耕(MR),秸秆不还田、增施有机肥配合翻耕(MP),秸秆不还田、不施用有机肥、旋耕深度15 cm(CKR)]对土壤团聚体和有机碳组成的短期影响。结果表明:SR处理能够降低水稻季土壤容重并增加总孔隙度。相比CKR,小麦季SR处理显著增加0.05mm水稳性团聚体含量,增加量为7.2%。此外,外源有机物和耕作对土壤有机碳活性组分具有显著影响。其中,易氧化有机碳(EOC)主要受耕作与有机物交互作用影响,酸水解有机碳(LPIc和LPII_c)主要受耕作措施的影响, SR处理的土壤EOC和LPI_c含量比CKR提高0.3～2.6 g·kg~(-1)。颗粒有机碳(POC)主要受外源有机物的影响,并且秸秆还田处理POC平均含量高于增施有机肥处理,增加量为0.75g·kg~(-1)。短期内,外源有机物和耕作及其交互作用对稳定性有机碳(黑碳和矿物结合态有机碳)的影响较小。综上,秸秆还田配合旋耕有助于提高土壤水稳性团聚体和活性有机碳的含量(EOC、LPI_c和POC)。     

典型喀斯特洼地植被恢复过程中土壤碳氮储量动态及其对极端内涝灾害的响应

西南喀斯特地区是我国主要的生态脆弱区之一,石漠化严重,旱涝灾害频发。植被恢复是提升脆弱生态系统土壤碳氮固持的有效方式,但该区不同植被恢复方式土壤碳氮动态监测的研究还很缺乏。本研究以典型喀斯特峰丛洼地为对象,选取人工林、牧草地、人工林+牧草地、撂荒地自然恢复4种最主要的植被恢复方式为研究对象,以耕地作为对照,对比分析退耕前(2004年)、退耕10年(2014年)和13年后(2017年)土壤碳氮储量动态变化特征。其中2004—2014年研究区未发生极端内涝灾害, 2014—2017年连续发生2次极端内涝灾害事件。研究结果表明,退耕10年后, 4种恢复方式下土壤有机碳(SOC)储量均显著增加,但退耕13年后,除撂荒地SOC持续增加外,其他3种恢复方式下SOC表现出下降趋势。植被恢复后土壤全氮(TN)储量提升相对缓慢,退耕10年仅牧草地显著增加,退耕13年后人工林+牧草和撂荒地TN增加,且撂荒地在退耕后呈持续增加趋势。相关性分析结果表明,土壤交换性Ca~(2+)与SOC、TN均呈显著正相关关系,且与2014年相比, 2017年不同植物恢复方式下土壤交换性Ca~(2+)均显著下降,这可能与研究区2015年和2016年连续内涝灾害有关。以上结果说明,不同恢复方式均能显著提升喀斯特地区土壤碳氮固持,并以自然恢复最佳,其生态系统能有效抵御极端气候灾害带来的负面影响。     

Soil carbon increases with long-term cattle stocking in northern temperate grasslands

Grassland management aimed at enhancing carbon (C) in soil is an important tool in mitigation of rising atmospheric CO₂, yet little is known of how grassland soil C changes with livestock stocking rate (SR). We relate soil organic and inorganic C mass (t ha⁻¹ to 60 cm depth) with cattle stocking over periods of 7–27 year for 32 paddocks distributed across nine community pastures in the mixed-grass prairie of Saskatchewan, Canada. Initial analysis comparing Akaike information criterion models showed that cattle SR explained a greater proportion of variance in soil C, particularly soil organic C, than rainfall. Soil organic C mass increased with cattle SR (R² = .293; p = .001), even when the latter was normalized to account for differences in vegetation composition and growing conditions among pastures. Normalized SR varied from 0.49 to 2.30 times recommended levels, over which SOC increased from 24.7 to 57.4 t ha⁻¹. Increases in soil organic C under greater stocking coincided with increased abundance of introduced vegetation, particularly the rhizomatous grass Poa pratensis. Inorganic soil C accounted for 34.6% of total soil C, being particularly large below 30 cm soil depth, but did not vary with stocking rate. These findings indicate that both organic and inorganic C are important pools of C in northern temperate grassland soils, with soil organic C positively associated with long-term cattle SR. Further studies are recommended to understand more fully the mechanisms regulating grazing impacts on soil C mass in northern temperate grasslands.     

Soil carbon change across ten New South Wales farms under different farm management regimes in Australia

This paper examines the potential influence of soil management and land use on soil carbon on cropping farms in New South Wales (NSW), Australia. Soil organic carbon (SOC) data from ten farms spatially distributed across NSW were examined on two occasions. Soil cores to a depth 0–30 cm were measured for SOC and, as expected, SOC in the A horizon (1.16%) was significantly (p < .001) greater than in the B horizon (0.74%) of all profiles. Analysis of the 2013 and 2015 SOC data indicated that in many ways, the results runs counter to other SOC studies in Australia. Importantly, the mean SOC concentration in these agricultural soils was significantly (p < .001) less under cropping (2013-1.05%, 2015-0.97%) than in native sites (2013-1.20%, 2015-1.16%). Out of the total of 35 sites sampled from 10 farms, SOC in 49% of sites did not change significantly over 2 years, in 17% it increased significantly, whereas in 34% it decreased. Further, a clear implication of drought on SOC was seen on sites that were uncropped based on a critical value for a 95% confidence interval (p < .05) and complemented by the significant correlation (p < .05) between average annual precipitation deficit (ANPD) and SOC across the state with R² = 0.39. The mean SOC was found to be directly proportional to standard deviation and standard error. In terms of spatial variability, the C0 (nugget) value was greatest for farms with a large mean SOC and the average variogram in this study has a range of approximately 200 m which is potentially useful in determining sampling spacing for soil carbon auditing purpose. Similar empirical data over more years are required to better estimate SOC levels and to determine whether at a farm scale, factors such as land management, land use and climate can be related to soil carbon change and variability.     

Biochar addition mitigates nitrogen loss induced by straw incorporation and nitrogen fertilizer application

Biochar has been shown to be potentially beneficial for enhancing yields and soil properties, and diminishing nitrogen (N) losses. However, it remains unclear how biochar regulates soil carbon (C) and N to mitigate N losses induced by straw mixing with N fertilizer in dryland soils. Therefore, we investigated the effects of straw mixing (S₁), S₁ with biochar (SB) and no straw inputs (S₀), and routine urea application rates (N₁) and 70% of routine rates (N_0.7) on yields and N losses, and identify the relationship between N losses and soil C and N compounds. Results showed that N_0.7 and N₁ were suitable for the maize and wheat seasons, respectively, contributing to mitigating N losses without reducing crop yields. Moreover, in the maize season, N_0.7-SB significantly mitigated the straw-induced NH₃-N and N₂O-N emissions by 106% and 81%, respectively. In the wheat season, N₁-SB reduced the straw-induced NH₃-N and N₂O-N emissions by 35% and 66%, respectively. In addition, N_0.7-SB sharply reduced soil inorganic N (SIN) storage in the maize season. Furthermore, the NH₃-N and N₂O-N emission rates were negatively correlated with dissolved organic carbon/SIN content (0–20 cm) (DOC/SIN_0-20). N losses (N₂O-N and NH₃-N emissions and SIN storage) were positively correlated with SIN_0-20, but negatively correlated with soil organic carbon / SIN_0-20 (SOC/ SIN_0-20). This study provides further evidence that biochar with an appropriate N application rate decreased SIN_0-20 and increased DOC/SIN_0-20, thus reducing SIN storage and the straw-induced gaseous N emissions without decreasing crop yields.     

黑土区施加生物炭对土壤综合肥力与大豆生长的影响

为探明黑土区施加生物炭对土壤持水性能、土壤养分以及大豆生长的影响,以东北黑土区3°坡耕地田间径流小区为研究对象,进行为期4年的观测。按照生物炭施加量,2015年共设置C0(0 t/hm~2)、C25(25 t/hm~2)、C50(50 t/hm~2)、C75(75 t/hm~2)、C100(100 t/hm~2) 5个处理,2016—2018年分别连续施加等量的生物炭。结果表明:连续4年,0～60 cm土层土壤储水量随施炭量的增加呈先增大、后减小的趋势,而对60～100 cm土层土壤储水量影响不显著;连续4年,饱和含水率随施炭量的增加呈逐渐增大的趋势; 2015年田间持水率、凋萎系数随施炭量的增加呈逐渐增大趋势,2016—2018年呈先增加、后减小趋势;连续4年,施加生物炭提高了大豆各生育阶段的株高和叶面积,同期相对较优处理分别为C75、C50、C50、C25;连续4年,大豆冠层覆盖度与施炭量呈抛物线变化(R~2均在0. 89以上,P 0. 01),连续施加2年的C50处理各生育期提高量最大,与C0相比提高了81. 4%、36. 7%、31. 5%和39. 6%;连续4年,土壤pH值和有机质、速效钾含量随施炭量的增加呈逐渐升高趋势,碱解氮、有效磷含量呈先升高、后降低趋势,相对较优处理为C50、C50、C25、C25。采用改进的内梅罗指数模型计算的土壤综合肥力指数与产量呈正相关(R~2=0. 861 5,P=0. 001 2,RMSE为0. 75),土壤综合肥力水平最高的生物炭施用模式为连续2年施加50 t/hm~2的生物炭。     

高寒区施肥和混播对燕麦人工草地土壤碳氮储量及垂直分布特征的影响

了解高寒地区燕麦人工草地在燕麦品种、施肥措施和混播水平下土壤碳氮储量潜力及垂直分布动态，为高寒地区燕麦人工草地建植提供理论依据。采用4个燕麦品种（A1：青燕1号，Avena sativa cv. Qingyan No.1；A2：林纳，A. sativa cv. Lena；A3：青海444，A. sativa cv. Qinghai 444；A4：青海甜燕麦，A. sativa cv. Qinghai）、4个施肥水平（B1：不施任何肥料，CK0；B2：尿素75kg/hm2+磷酸二铵150kg/hm2，IM；B3：有机肥1500 kg/hm2，OM；B4：尿素37.5 kg/hm2+磷酸二铵75 kg/hm2+有机肥750 kg/hm2，IM+OM）和4个箭筈豌豆混播水平（C1：0 kg/hm2；C2：45 kg/hm2；C3：60 kg/hm2；C4：75 kg/hm2）的三因素四水平正交试验设计[L16(45)]，在燕麦拔节期、抽穗期、开花期、乳熟期和收获后期研究了3个因素对高寒区燕麦人工草地土壤C、N储量的影响极其垂直分布特征，为高寒区燕麦人工草地土壤固C、固N潜力评估提供理论依据。品种、施肥和混播均显著影响了燕麦人工草地土壤C、N储量。3个因素在作物生长期对土壤C储量的积累的影响大小表现为施肥＞混播＞品种，收获后期表现为混播＞施肥＞品种；各时期对土壤N储量的影响大小均表现为施肥＞混播＞品种。采用尿素37.5 kg/hm2+磷酸二铵75 kg/hm2+有机肥750 kg/hm2的施肥处理，混播75 kg/hm2箭筈豌豆建植的燕麦人工草地土壤C、N储量最高。施肥措施造成燕麦人工草地各时期不同土层间土壤C、N储量的差异。在3种措施影响下燕麦人工草地0~50cm土层土壤C、N储量潜力分别为176.78 t/hm2和11.78 t/hm2。土壤C、N随着土层的加深而逐渐下降，0~20cm土层土壤C、N储量显著高于其它土层。     

UV-C处理对甘薯贮藏品质的影响

以海南桥头产区的“高系14”甘薯为材料,分别进行10、20、30 min的UV-C照射处理,统计甘薯贮藏60 d内的腐烂率、失重率和发芽率,并同时记录5种生理指标的变化,以探讨UV-C处理对甘薯贮藏品质的影响。结果表明：UV-C处理显著降低了甘薯贮藏期间的腐烂率,但同时促进了发芽,而对失重率无显著影响。生理指标方面,30 min的UV-C照射提高了可溶性蛋白的积累,减少可溶性固形物的损耗,并促进了POD、SOD和CAT的总体酶活性。综合来说,UV-C处理若要应用于甘薯贮藏保鲜,还需辅助使用其他的抑芽手段。